Gbs&JlS (.o_a_ 

Book— '--^ 



COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT 



" NEXT*' ro 'n il-: i iihu-:." 

NEIL'p PHOTO^HpHg OF THE [juLY |_AMD. 

THE NEEDED HAND-BOOK OF THE UIBLE, 

Taking the Reader in a Few Minutes over the Pathways of Jesus, showing the Must Wonderful Land of 
History as it is To-day— Connecting with these Scenes the Great Events of Sacred History. 

A Complete Tour of Palestine. 

A TRIP FROM JOPPA-THROUGH JERUSALEM AND ITS WONDERS. THROUGH 'I HE SCENES OI-" CHRIST'S BIRTH AND MINIS- 
TRY-BETHLEHEM, NAZARETH, BETHANY AND THE CITIES OF GALILEE— THROUGH DAMASCUS AND 
THE RUINS OF THE NORTH. THROUGH THE WEIRD MOUNTAINS OF SINAI AND 
THE SCENES OF OLD TESTAMENT GLORY. 

A PHOTOGRAPHIC PANORAMA OF SACRED HISTORY. 

Reproducing the Exact Scenes of the Great Events of the Bible— The Tomb of Abraham, the Well "of Jacob, 
Sinai, the Dead Sea. Tombs pf David and Absalom, Pools of Solomon, Shechem, The Battle-fields 
of Israel, Many Views of Jerusalem-its Walls. Gates. Streets, Mosques, Churches, People, 
Sacred Spots, and the Many Hallowed Places Outside the Walls— Gethsemane, 
Golgotha, Mt. of Olives, Pool of Siloam, Jericho and Jordan. 



A Perfect Picture of the Land of History and Hope. 

TO WHICH IS ADDED 

A PANORAMIC VIEW OF JERUSALEM on the DAY OF THE CRUCIFIXION. 



DESCRIPTIONS BY 
REV. FORREST E. PAGER, D. D 



Sold by Subscription Only. y 

HENRY NEIL, 

MANUFACTURING PUBLISHER. "8 S. 7 th Sr., Philadelphia, Pa. IS 3 




PREFACE. 




happiest thoughts. We want to behold the eublimest scenes of Nature once, but wg want to 
gS? see the place where we were born every year. The little house of our nativity is more fascinating 
than the Alps in the golden glory of sunrise or Niagara in the crystalline splendors of winter. 



OFTY mountains, noble rivers, fascinating landscapes, historic buildings, incite admiration and 
awe ; but a view of the old homestead and the scenes of early childhood begets tenderest and 



No wonder, then, that the race ever turns with intensest interest and tenderest memory 
towards the birth-place of its dearest hopes, the home of its Saviour. Palestine is the Bethlehem 
of the world — the country in which was born the religion that has made possible the glory 



of this nineteenth century. To it the wise-men not only of the East but of all lands came, guided by the star of 
Revelation, and bringing the rich gifts of eager, earnest, trained minds — bearing back to the nations visions that 
make more real the life of the Divine Son of Mary, who baptized its barren mountains with His tears and 
stained its rugged paths with His blood. 

Books descriptive of this wonderful land have been multiplied indefinitely. This volume is a new departure. 
The magnificent photographs herein contained bring to the mind, as no word pictures can, accurate conceptions of 
the places associated with Bible history. It is at once steamship, money and guide to the American home, carrying 
all the members of the family to the very spots where Jesus was born, taught, suffered and died. 

Thousands who have been held back by the multitude of inconveniences and dangers attendant upon a pilgrim- 
age to the Holy Land will eagerly grasp this volume ; and, with wife and children, linger at the manger of Bethlehem, 
sit beneath the olives of Gethsemane, silently walk the Via Dolorosa, triumphantly climb the Mount of Ascension 
It will thus fulfil its highest mission as the handmaid of the Bible ; indeed it is a series of illustrations of the Bible 



(1) 



2 PREFACE. 

drawn not by the hand of man, but by the hand of the Creator, made visible on these pi^es by the strange chemistry 
oC His sunbeams. 

Therefore, not only to those who are for various reasons prevented from making the sacred pilgrimage will this 
volume be indispensable, but also to those who have beheld the scenes here photographed and who desire to describe 
thorn to their friends. We recently heard a traveller endeavoring to describe to a company the Valley of Jehoshaphat. 
Realizing the inadequacy of words, he suddenly exclaimed, "Oh! if I only had a photograph here that I saw a 
few weeks eirioe, I could make it plain to you in a moment." We have carefully arranged these views so that to one 
who lias taken the pilgrim's usual course they will form an unbroken reminiscence ; while to those who have never 
trodden I *io saored soil they will present a panorama of continued instruction and delight. 

Historical and geographical writers differ widely in their descriptions of the same country. This is peculiarly 
marked in regard to Palestine— in regard to which it is said that no two writers agree. Bearing this in mind we at 
onco see the value of a photographic work. With true pictures of the valleys surrounding Jerusalem before us, even 
if tho exaot spots of great deeds in the life of Jesus cannot be identified, we know that somewhere on the soil now 
visible His mighty works were wrought. Indeed, unlike our own vast country, so contracted is the territory of the 
Holy Land, m marked its geographical features, that we rest assured that our camera has rarely failed to group the 
places truly saored and historical -even if there be great controversy concerning the identical spots. 

Long and diligent study and research have given to the world an accurate and beautiful reproduction of 
Jerusalem as it was on the day of the crucifixion. Every detail in that most memorable event of the world's history 
is so clearly delineated that with open Bible identification is sure. This charming panorama we add to this gallery, 
feeling that it completes our efforts to present a most comprehensive and reliable transcript of the land of history 
and hops. 

Among th;? most highly pi-ized souvenirs in many Christian homes are pressed flowers and bouquets plucked 
from the hills and dales where Jesus once lived. We send forth this volume with the cherished hope that flowers of 
faot, bouquets of thought, and experience, may be plucked from its scenes, to make brighter the pilgrimage to a Land 
of still better Promise— the New Jerusalem. 



CONTENTS. 



JAFFA. 

View of the Harbor I 

The Bazaars, 2 

RAMLEH. 

View of the City 3 

Arabian Sheiks, 4 

JERUSALEM. 

General View, 5 

Jaffa Gate 6 

Russian Convent 7 

Church of the Holy Sepulchre 8 

Solomon's Temple 9 

Herod's Temple, i° 

Nero's Temple, n 

Mosque of Omar (front view), 12 

" " (rear view) 13 

" " (interior view, Dome of Rock), ... 14 

Mosque of El Aksa (exterior) 15 

" " (interior), 16 

Rear of El Aksa (showing Mount of Olives) 17 

Haram Wall (Roman Circles), 18 

St. Stephen's Gate *9 

Via Dolorosa, 20 

Ecce Homo Arch 21 



JERUSALEM— Continued. 

V Station. ( Via Dolorosa) 22 

IX " " " 23 

Interior of Church of the Holy Sepulchre, 24 

Church of the Flagellation (interior), 25 

Church of St. Anne, 26 

Street Leading to Palace of Herod, 27 

Beujamites 2H 

Golden Gate 29 

Wailing Place, 3° 

Pool of Hezekiah 31 

Street Scene, 3 2 

OUTSIDE OF JERUSALEM. 

Valley of Jehoshaphat 33 

Tomb of Absalom 34 

Pool of Siloam, . 35 

Village of Siloam (showing Mount of Olives), 36 

Tomb of David, . 37 

Hill of Evil Council • 38 

Gethsemane (showing Mount of Olives), 39 

Inside of Gethsemane, 40 

Brook Kedron, 41 

Pool of Bethesda, 4 2 

Jerusalem from Mount of Olives 43 

(1, 



CONTENTS. 



OUTSIDE OP JERUSALEM— Continued. 

Fountain of the Virgin, 44 

Damascus Gale, 45 

Tombs of the Kings 46 

Aceldama or Field of Wood 47 

Caravan Rusting on the Road to Jericho, 48 

Jerusalem from Mount Scopus, 49 

BETHANY, 

View from Road to Jericho 50 

General View 51 

Roml from Jerusalem to Jericho (showing the Plains of Jericho), 52 

Fountain of Jericho, 53 

River Jordan 54 

HEBRON. 

Solomon's Pools 55 

Showing Mosque, covering Cave of Maehpelah, .... 56 

Well of Heersheho, 57 

SINAI. 

Range of Mountains 58 

Mount Sinai jg 

Kuzueh 60 

Red Sea 61 

Defile near Red Sea 62 



f BETHLEHEM. 

General View of Town, 63 

View showing the Church 64 

Church of the Nativity (interior), 65 

Chapel of the Nativity 66 

View from the Southwest, 67 

Rachel's Tomb 68 

Convent of Mar Saba, 69 

Field of the Shepherds, 7° 

The Dead Sea 7 1 

Bethel, 7 2 

SAMARIA. 

Distant View 73 

Herod's Colonnade, 74 

Jacob's Well 75 

View of Ruins, 76 

SHECHEM. 

Showing Ebal and Gerizim, 77 

Mount Ebal, 78 

Mount Gerizim . 79 

The Pentateuch, 80 

Plain of Esdraelon, 81 

Convent on Carmel, 82 

I NAZARETH. 

View from the East 83 

View from the West, 84 



CONTENTS. 



NAZARETH— Continued. 

Church of the Annunciation (interior), 85 

Fountain of the Virgin, 86 

Mount Tabor, 87 

Mount of Beatitudes, 88 

Nain, Sg 

Cana of Galilee, 9° 

SEA OF GALILEE. 

Magdala 9 1 

Town of Tiberias, 9 2 

Site of Capernaum 93 

Bethsaida, 94 

Ccesarea Philippi 95 

Source of the Jordan, 9 6 

Mount Hermon 97 

DAMASCUS. 

Distant View, 9& 

Near View, 99 



DAMASCUS— Continued. 

Street called Straight, 100 

Wall where Paul was Let Down, 101 

Site of Paul's Conversion 102 

Colonnade in Grand Mosque 103 

Bazaars, 104 

Falls on the Abana River, 105 

BAALBEC. 

Distant View of Ruins 106 

Temple of Baal 107 

Temple of Jupiter 108 

Great Monolith f °9 

Monolith in Wall no 



Cedars of Lebanon, 

BEYROUT. 

View of Harbor, 



PANORAMA OF JERUSALEM ON THE DAY OF THE CRUCIFIXION. 



JAFFA, VIEW OF THE HARBOR.— No pilgrim to the Holy Land will ever forget his landing at Jaffa. The harbor is so shallow that vessels ..l considerable 
size cannot approach within a half mile of the shore. Hence passengers and baggage must be taken off in row-boats. The boatmen who handle the oars are very 
graceful and skilful. A short trip in one of their boats affords an excellent opportunity to study the peculiarities of this well-known seaport, while their quaint songs 
and rhythmic motion add greatly to the pleasure of the outing. Storms are very frequent here, sometimes preventing landing for days The view of the city from 
the narbor Is beautiful, the houses appearing as though built upon terraces, rising abruptly from the shore. Jaffa Is one of the oldest cities in the world, some think- 
ing Its name is derived from Japhet, son of Noah, and tradition says that Noah built the Ark here. The Bible reader looking at this harbor at once recalls Jonah 
i : 3, which tells us that Jonah " went down to Joppa, and he found a ship going to Tarshish." 1 1 > 




JOPPA. THE BAZAARS. — Joppa Is a busy, noisy city, containing about 5«o inhabitants. About 300 of them .ire Jews, about 1000 Christians and the remainder 
Turks. The streets are so rough and narrow that a carriage cannot be used, while on foot one experiences great difficulty in avoiding the heavily-laden camels and 
donkeys, driven through the narrow lanes by ragged looking Arabs. The Bazaars or business marts are little more than encampments hy the wayside, resembling 
the scene about the entrance to some large exhibition. Each vendor spreads out his wares upon the ground, and raising a canopy to protect himself from the sun, sits 
there with all the dignity of a millionaire merchant. The country about Joppa produces wonderful fruit, its oranges being the best in the world. This fruit forms 
an important part of the stock of these wayside merchants. It Is a strange but delightful experience to the traveler, while passing through these dusty streets, to 
come face to face with these heaps of luscious fruit and taste lor the first time the produce of the land where his Saviour was bom. (2) 



RAMLEH, VIEW OF THE CITY.— From Joppa to Ramlell, the course lies through the plain of Sharon, one of Hie most beautiful and fertile in the Holy Land, abound* 
ing in fruit and beautiful flowers, although the rose of Sharon is no longer to be found. Approaching Ramlell, tin* most prominent feature is the square lower, now 
visible on our right. It is of Saracenic architecture and about eighty feet in height. Prom its top, looking hack towards Joppa and the sea, is one of the most lovely 
views imaginable. The Ramleh of to-day Is by no means an enterprising town, but its ruins give evidence of past grandeur and thrift, it Is generally agreed that 
it is the ancient Arimathea of New Testament days, the home of Joseph who was so friendly to Jesus. It contains to-day a population of about i<xx> people. Uurirtg 
the crusades it was a place of special interest and (lie scene of some of the exploits of Richard the Kiondiearled of England. 13) 




MODERN JERUSALEM.-The Jerusalem o, lu 

One can readily walk around its walls in less than one hour. The present population is about 50,000. Its 1)1 In the , < 2 ' „ , " £ir ""» f «" 

severa hills upon which the ancient city was built are still distinguishable though the natural surfa has unde go m v In ' Th "' !"T"- V 
Inequalities. One is ever ascending or descending ; there are no level streets The house* ™ um ,™r^ , . . ^ 1 " J " W *- P™«nt cily is full of 

or*%f= e tabove the original soil, ^hefirstapp^e"^ «* 
Moslem minaret pointing derisively toward heaven. The houses, generally, are without a sing 
people hard-featured and poorly clad. One must see this to realize the Saviour's words : " Bel,..,. 



The first appearance of the city to the approaching traveler Is a confused mass of rough stone walls, with here ant 

.out a single comfort of civilization. The streets are narrow and dirtv anil Hib 
One must see this to realize the Saviour s words : » Behold, your house is left unto you desolate.'' •»«"•* 



t 



. _ „ _ T . , i .1 by which nearly all travelers approach the sacred cily. Unfortunately the view from this approach Is Ule least Impressive, on account ol 
ife e^vTbul dings ol the Russian Convent that rise up before us. However, one B e,s here Ins first real slimpse of the peculiarities ol Oriental life. Here oil nation, 
a iti tl m , ■ led tadiscrfmlnate confusion. All languages .re heard, while lepers and beggars barege one on evcy side. As we enter the gate our firs glance s at 
tt^atls about" "tase varv ... height from twenty lo Italy tat, ««of*W to Ik* <X the ground As we glance at then,, we beg... to realise why so 
the walls about us. riese u B / ua|k J w)n) the ra||roaJ j ,„, ,„ ou , j,, „ , places where 

Wends : wSfed to t« one", 3 ; Cy « f.fWe.1." As we stand a, this enhance way we c prebend .he full ln.ee 0, the Scriptural ...re., = " e selge and 

ill the st.aitness, wherewith 1 enemies si.all distress ll.ee in all thy Bales. 




,.„_. ,.,„, ,„ d „s the summit ol the hill from which Jerusalem is first stem, there rises Immediately before 

RUSSIAN CONVENT.-Just as ll.e traveler approaching from |' ffa ' ,eJ 1 " , ,,,,, , , he citv ,„„„ v | ew , They stand on a ridge northwest ol the Jaffa 

him the extensive buildings of the Russian Convent, so situated a^ , con »l a la^ portion U e my . , , hl| „ M . „, ,„, „ 

e ate and are the best preserved and most mposlng collection <,, W^s iaJ *™ 1 ^ « >ftor(W ( )MOT)fcB1| vkw „, , he city and 

,„, men and women, and schools capable »«°™™^ ' ISte rS.about 4 . feet I! and , fee, in diameter. This group Of building. 

surrounding country. A most interesting teaiure i. a i. j, i 
is sometimes called New Jerusalem. 



Solomon's TEMPLE. — No building of the ancient world lias excited so much interest and attention as the structure before us. The Temple of Solomon WAS 1-uill rin 

Motion, a rocky eminence in the Southeastern part of Jerusalem, whose summit was leveled and surrounded by immense walls, A Special point of interest In this 
building is that it embodied the features of the tabernacle, the plan of which, w-ith all its appointments, was received of Cod. For a lull description ol Ihis building, sec 
1 Kings, Chap. VI. The walls of the temple were bui't of white marble, supposed to have been taken Irom the quarry near the Damascus gate. Around the temple- 
on the North, West and South sides— were erected " three stories of chambers," each story 5 cubits high. There were two courts. The Inner was called the " court ol 
the priests;" the other was known as the outer or great court. This temple remained about'417 years alter Its completion by Solomon. It was destroyed by the 
Chaldeans, >8S B. C. ' (gj 



1 



NERO'S TEMPLE.— The Harem or sacred enclosure before us is surrounded by a wall 1601 feet long on the West, 1530 on the East, 1024 on the North and 922 on 
the South. The entrance is by eight gates on the West, the most prominent of which is known as the Gate of the Chain. The large structure In tlte background is 
the Mosque El-Aksa, supposed to have been built hy the Emperor Justinian in honor of the Virgin. Some think that it was originally a Christian church. The 
structure near the centre is the one whose dome is the most prominent feature in the sacred city— the Mosque of Omar. It stands -upon the exact site once occupied by 
Solomon's Temple and later by the Temple of Herod. While every spot and stone within the Harem enclosure has been the subject of controversy, yet, after thorough 
investigation, we feel the assurance, as we stand before this noble structure, that we are on peculiarly sacred soil, and visions of its past glory unconsciously float 
before our minds. (n) 






. - O i r H V - —While this wonderful building— the firide of the Mohammedan— challenges attention by its own architectural claims, yet its 
THE MOSQUE OF JMAI , ton e . |fc , So i omon ' s Temple. Here is the famous Mount Mortal) ; here the threshing floor lor which 

SaVidyaVe teiC s. e e of sUver. A ndr Spta, rac*s associate themselves'with this spot. The firs, story of the ^ is a true octagon, ah™, „= 
tat in diameter Ed by s windows of stained glass, of wonderful beauty. This portion, 46 feet high, connects with the drum, ,4 tee htgh winch contains ,6 
windows Upon E rests the magnificent dome, ,0 feet in height, the most prominent feature of modern Jerusalem. Upon Ins ,s a graceful spue crowned with a 
glided aescen' The exterior is covered with marble of many colors, and porcelain tiles of strange patterns. As the sun bursts upon ,t, reflecting all the colors of the 
bow, one naturally thinks of the glory still brighter that once dwelt here. 



MOSQUE OF OMAR, Rear View.-This .raced hacMo Omar, who <f ^™ ■ * ■ ° ^ :;;:Sati.r"r;M^:*i,„S:^S 
W-ntheChur^ U the followers „, Mohammed,, us Mosoue 
of tire filth that had accumulated, aud commanded that a structure »«m>i '«» or „..„ ize j ,, s|)Kl .,l -uard for its protection, called the KNIGHTS TEMPLAR* 
is next in sacredness to Mecca aud Medma When , was cap. , e th C^«^J"^H^J;- Moh.uu'medau legend, this remains suspe :d in 

in which we are shown a marble star, which, we are assured, covers the entrance to HADES. 




DOME OF THE ROCK— The Mosque of Omar is the most prominent building in the sacred city, anil the sacred rock, situated directly under the great dome, is 
the most prominent feature within the building. It is a limestone formation, of a gray color, sixty feet lung, fifty-five feet wide, and rising about five feet above the 
floor. It is surrounded by twelve columns and by an iron railing. A canopy of silk is suspended above it. The footprint of Mohammed is pointed out in the rock, 
where tradition says that he last touched the earth when lie made his heavenward journey. Also a mark made by the hand of the angel Gabriel is shown as one of 
the wonders of this sacred spot But to the mind of the Bible student these pale into insignificance before the thought that here stood Abraham when he bound his 
son Isaac to the altar as a sacrifice. (Gen. xxii.) Here was erected the altar of burnt-offerings in both the first and second temples. 2 Chnm. jv. 1. The 
Mohammedans believe that this rock remains suspended by a perpetual miracle, seven feet above the top of Mt. Moriah. 



MOSQUE OF EL-AKSA, Exterior -This Mosque IS regarded with quite as much reverence as the Mosque of Omar, and the two together are considered as forming 
one great temple The name EI-Aksa, the Remotest, is given to distinguish it from the other holy places, such as Mecca and Medina. There is some doubt as to the 
origin of this building ; but il is generally supposed to be identical, in site at least, with the magnificent Basilica, founded by the Emperor Justinian in honor of the 
V irgin. Standing near the southwest comer of the Temple area, close to the southern wall, this mosque covers an area of 50,000 square feet It is an ohlnn* 
edifice, about 2S0 feel long and 180 feet wide. Facing the north the porch extends the entire breadth of the building, and is divided into seven sections bv arches' 
supported by slender columns. It is paved with marble, and the steps leading to it are worn smooth by the feet of twelve centuries. It is richly 'ornamented in the 
usual Moslem style, with marble walks and floors, stained glass windows and Arabic gewgaws. , ' j 




MOSQUE Or EL-AKSA, Interior.— The Interior of El-Aksa consists of a grand nave, three aisles on each side and a transept surmounted by a dome. The interior of 
this dome and the space immediately under it, are richly decorated with mosaic work and marble casings. Beneath the dome is the pulpit of exquisitely carved wood, 
inlaid with ivory and mother-of-pearl. At the hack of the pulpit is a stone reputed to hear the imprint of the footstep of Christ. Near here are two pillars tolerably 
close together; the Moslems assert that only those who can pass between these columns ever reach Heaven. Here also is the Well of the Leaf, receiving its name from 
the circumstance that, centuries ago, one of the faithful descending to the bottom of the well to recover a lost bucket, found a door leading into Paradise, which he 
entered. Plucking a leaf from one of its trees, he returned with the memento which attested its origin by retaining its freshness. The door has never since been 
found, but the Moslems still look upon the well as one of the entrances into Paradise, (16) 



Rear of El Aksa— Mount of Olives in the Distance.— We here view the walls in the rear of the beautiful structure just described. The greatest interest 

tu the Christian pilgrim centres in, not what is here visible, but rather in the wonderful subterranean archways beneath these walls, doubtless a part ol the masonry 
ot the old Temple, every stone and pillar bearing marks of the age of Solomon. According to Moslem tradition, upon the wall that is now before us, Mohammed, 
when he comes to judge the world, will sit, and will stretch a thin cord across to the hill ot Olivet. All must cross on this cord, each one bearing the burden of his 
sins. The guil'v will fall into the intervening gulf ; the righteous will be upheld by an angel. In 1 1 iy A. D., Baldwin II gave to his followers the beautiful structure 
of El Aksa. This gilt was the beginning of the wealth of the tamous Order of Knights Templar. (17) 



HAKAM WALL (ROMAN ClRCLESl.-Wh.it is known as the Temple area is an enclosure »f between thirty and forty acres, surrounded by a Wall from fifty to civilly 
feet high on the exterior, and from ten to fifteen on the interior, varying with Hie surface of the ground. The oldest portions o| tills wall are Composed of lar»u blocks 
of limestone, while Hit- mure modern portions are of lighter material and inferior workmanship. In tin- view before us tlie mosl casual ohsen er can nnle the modern 
masonry in the more ancient arches ; but in many other portions it requires the trained eye and mind to detect the differences. The southwest corner of Mils wall, 
owing to the sudden descent of the ground, reveals some of the lower strata of stones. The chief comer-slone is believed to be the one placed there by Solomon when 
the first temple was erecled. It is thirty-one feel in length, seven in width and live in height. To the traveler who can afford the time, these walls are among the 
most profitable subjects for study in the sacred city. ( ' s > 



1 



ST STEPHEN'S GATE. — Before us is the seme that greets the eye of the traveler as he passes out of Jerusalem by St. Stephen s Gale. As the final scene In ou 
Lord's trial occurred in the lower of An.onia. which was near tins spot, it is more than probable that the executioners, Instead of lead ng Jesus through he crow ded 
city led him out of this, the nearest gale. Therefore, while standing here we cannot he fa, from the true site of Calvary. We mast be almost ,n he foo p„n.s ol .he 
Sing Son of God as he Lore the cross to the scene of death. On the steep hill, just outside the gate, we are shown he spot where it is sard, St. Stephen suffered 
marWrdom and •• fell asleep" while calling upon .he Lord •• not fo lay this sin to their charge." The spot ,s marked by a large hmestone rock on the roadside, 
through which red veins are visible. There are some who believe that these veins were caused by the blood of .he martyr. (i<j) 



o a £ £ a 3 
? 2 « '6 3 3 

=5 fl h£ ! 





° F ,- ™f F '- AGEL V mON ' Interior.-Entering the Via Dolorosa from St. Stephen's Gate and passing the house of Pilate, we come to this structure whose 
name s significant. As we enter and examine, we see that most of the beauty lies in the altar and its surroundings, as here photographed The Bible sa'vs hit 

■TJI'ZT I"" °' 4-'? e ," n 16 S0 ' JierS W away in '° "' e ha "' ca " ed Prato ™"" *•>« —»« "ther indignities ■■ they smote him on the head will, aS and 
Ota spl upon him. This hall was probably a part of Pilate's house, and, as the Church ol the Flagellation is situated opposite Pilate's house, and may have been 

he liar of'r V H T^' ™ T US' "f Tf "J 1 "?* 1 *"» *» «• c ™ ell >' ft*** « Is well to note in this connection that a part ol 
he p liar of flagellation ,s shown in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. This holy object cannot be reached by the lips of the faithful. A monk stands near he rail 
and, touching the pillar with a long stick, stretches it towards the lips that are ready to greet It. 



JEWS' WAILING PLACE —This place to which .ill travelers resort and from which they turn with sad feelings, is a small street, alongside a port of the original wall 
of Solomon's Temple It contains some very large stones doubly H orn by the hand of time and by the lips and hands of those who worship here. Some of these 
slones are fifteen feet'long and four or five feet deep. Hither the Jews constantly resort, but especially on Fridays, when large groups of them may be seen passing 
through their different acts of devotion. They seem to all have a portion of the Hebrew Bible in their hands. Sometimes they read n concer .sometimes responslvely 
Some repeatedly approach the slones and placing their mouths to the crevices, repeat, in mournful tones, some o the lamentations of Jeremiah. Ills he saddest sight 
in all Palestine to behold the descendants of those who once ruled the land, crouching along the street and crawling beneath the shadows of their oppressors. History 
does not suggest a lesson more solemn than a Jew mourning over the stones of Jerusalem. 1301 



THE POOL OF HEZEKIAH.— Just inside the Joppa gate, surrounded entirely by dwellings, is this oldest fountain within the sacred city. Its muddy and contami- 
nated appearance leads one to look upon it more as a reservoir than a fountain. It is now used as a Moslem bathing place. It is one of the authentic landmark's of 
the city- In II Chron. XXXII : 30, it is said of Hezekiah : " He stopped the upper water-course of Gihon and brought it straight down to the west side of the city of 
David. So well did he accomplish this that the skill of explorers has not yet discovered the fountain of the Gihon. The Pool of Hezekiah is 250 feet long, 150 feet 
wide and about 18 feet deep. It is capable of holding water enough to supply fully one-half of the city. Usually it is seen with nut more than six or eight feet of 
Water. It is frequently noted that so well was the work of conveying water into the city done, that in all of the sieges of Jerusalem, no one within the walls ever 
suffered for want of water. ^ j 



1 




VALLEY OF JEHOSHAPHAT — This valley contains the most sacred soil surrounding the great city. It opens a deep defile between the eastern walls of the city 
and the Mount of Olives. Its deep ravine unites it with the Valley of Gihon, some distance southeast of the city. Here, in the time of our Saviour, were gardens 
of pomegranates, oranges and olives. In the darkest depths rested Gethsemane, a sanctuary of grief. In this valley is the cemetery of the Jews. National love leads 
the descendants of Abraham to seek a place of burial within this vale. Before us, in the foreground, are three of the most prominent of the tombs. On the right is 
visible the tomb of ZACHAR1AH. Strictly speaking, this is in no sense a tomb, having no internal chambers. It is a monument cut out of the solid rock, square, each 
side measuring twenty feet. In the centre is the tomb of ST. JAMES, in the form of a window, hewn out of the ruck and supported by two columns. Behind this are 
extensive excavations. On the left is the tomb of Absalom, of which we shall take a nearer view. 



THE VILLAGE OF SILOAM.— This is localej on the easterly side of the valley ol Siloam on the sije ol a sleep hill known as the " Mount ol Offense." Neatly all 
of its dwellings are grottoes or catacombs which were originally used as burial-places. In this cemetery of the living are found some hundreds of suualld Arabs. If 
you dare to peep within one of these strange houses, its inmate immediately raises a wild cry, that is taken up by bis neighbors, until you feel that you have aroused 
a kennel of fierce dogs. As a background is the " Mount of Offense," or " Hill of Scandal," or " Mount of Corrupllon." I hesc names arc given because here 
Solomon erected altars to Moloch and Chemosh and offered sacrifices to them. (I Kings XI : 4-8.) Its natural desolation Is equal to Its name, no shrub or plant 
growing upon its summit. Not far distant from the village must have stood the town of Siloam, mentioned in Luke XIII : 4- In the valley below Is visible the channel 
of the rill described by Milton, which has been identified with Isaiah VIII : 6. (jo) 



DAVID'S TOMB.— Just outside Zion Gate is a small Mosque, whose graceful minaret never tails to attract the traveler's attention as he approaches the Holy City 
from the south. Beneath this Mosque is the reputed Tomb of David. Christians, Jews and Moslems agree upon this as the resting-place of the dust of Israel's sweet 
singer. According to Josephus, Solomon buried his father here with great magnificence and pomp. Just before the Christian era the royal vault was plundered, 
;cco talents of silver being taken therefrom at one time, In Acts II : 25, Peter speaking of David says : " His sepulchre Is with us unto this day." A minute descrlp- 
tion of the tomb cannot be given because Christians are denied the privilege of viewing It. One who was permitted to sketch it says: " The tomb Is apparently an 
immense sarcophagus of rough stone, and is covered by green satin tapestry, richly embroidered with gold. A piece of black velvet tapestry covers a door in one end 
of the room, which, they said, leads to a cave underneath. A little lamp, which is kept constantly burning, hangs in a window near by." (37; 



Summit of the Hill of Evil Council.— Rlslngfrom thesouthern extremity of the dark and gloomyvalley of Gehenna, thesldes of tln^hliorifviiCninicllare 

everywhere covered with tombs, in which wanderers and refugees make their homes. Midway up the hill is the " Hellers Field," bought will, the thirty pieces of 
silver. This hill receives its name from the tradition that here, in the country house of Caiaphas, the Jews and the high priests conspired how they might take 
Jesus and put him to death. On the summit of the hill is a little chapel, standing on the supposed site ol the house where this secret meeting was convened, Near 
hv is shown an uglv gnarled and split olive tree, which the monks declare is the vers' tree upon which Judas hanged himself. While the tradition which make, this 
the site of that eventful meeting onlv dates Irom the fourteenth cenlury, and while one smiles at these declarations ol the monks, yel the desolation and unearthly 
gloom of all the surroundings constrain one to feel thai he is on ground peculiarly cursed of Heaven. ( )8) 



GETHSEMANE AND THE MOUNT OF OLIVES.— Doubt and uncertainty may haunt us as w-e pass through the streets and building! of modern Jerusalem, hut as 
we descend the steep road leading from St. Stephen's gate, over the dry bed of Kedron, we feel assured that we are treading the very rocks pressed by tile Saviour's 
feet. Before us is the sacred enclosure of Gethsemane, probably marking the Identical spot that was "the scene of the crucifixion of His soul." As to the Identity 
of the Mount of Olives there can be no doubt. God made Mount Olivet-man built Jerusalem. It was to this valley and this Mount that Jesus habitually went alone, 
or with his disciples to meditate and pray. Somewhere in the range of country visible before us. he sat telling his disciples of the destruction of the Holy City, or 
relating to them the parables of the " Ten Virgins " and the " Five Talents." The most unique memorial upon the Mount to-day is the building that marks the 
traditional spot where Jesus taught the Lord's Prayer. It contains stones upon which the prayer has been written In many of the languages of earth. ( w ) 




THE GARDEN OF GETHSEMANE.— No spot about Jerusalem is dearer to the Christian traveler than tliis sacred garden. Il is Inclosed with a high stone wall 
and has but one entrance, through a low doorway. The inclosure is about one hundred and fifty feet square, divided into four portions, each surrounded With a fence 
and planted with shrubs and flowers. Eight gnarled old olive trees stand within the garden. The monks in attendance say that they are of the time of our Saviour. 
They probably are the direct descendants of those beneath which Jesus suffered his intense agony. There are praying stations around the Inside of the walls, each 
marked by a small picture. The monks show the cave of the Saviour's agony, the rocky place where the disciples slept, and the very spot where Judas met the 
Master with the kiss of betrayal. Perhaps the most interesting and prettiest souvenir to be obtained in all Palestine is the lillle bouquet of flowers plucked in the 
sacred garden. Hard indeed must be the heart that does not melt with emotion, as it rests on tills spoL (40) 




BROOK KEDRON.— This lies between Jerusalem and the Mount of Olives and is the channel of the Valley of Jehoshaphat. It Is now simply tin* dry bed of a wintry 
torrent, giving evidence of being occasionally swept over by a large volume of water. However, distinct murmurillgS ate frequently heard o( water flowing deep 
beneath the surface, and actual excavations have discovered this subterranean stream. It is probable that In earlier limes, when rains Were more frequent hi Palestine, 
the flow of this brook was much greater. The student of the Bible recalls that David crossed this brook in his flight from Jerusalem ; " Die Kin« also himself passed 
over the brook Kedron," II Sam. XV : 25. Still more vividly is recalled the narrative of the night ol lite betrayal, John XVIII : i, " He went forth willi his disciples 
over the brook Cedron, where was a garden, into which he entered." The dense foliage of the old olive groves along the bed of the brook make it a Javorile resort for 
the inhabitants of the city during Hie heat of the day. As we rest here, we feel that Jesus must have spent many seasons ol meditation and prayer hi this same retreat. 

UO 




POOL or BETHESDA-— Betliestla means house of mercy, or of the flowing water. The large reservoir called BIrl<et Israil, within the walls of the city, close by 
St. Stephen's Gate, situated northeast of (lie Haram, is considered to be the modern representative of Bethcsda. It is 360 feet long, 130 feel broad and <,<> feel deep. 
In the days of our Saviour it appears to have been covered, as Si. John speaks of the "five porches" in which "lay a great multitude ol Impotent folk, of blind, halt, 
Withered, waiting for the moving of the water." Here it was that Jesus said Co the man who " had an infirmity thirty and eight years," " Rise, take up thy bed and 
walk." The place is now uncovered and half filled with rubbish, making it difficult to realize that this is the spot mentioned in John V : 4 ■ " For an angel went 
down at a certain season into the pool, and troubled the water : whosoever then first after the troubling of the water stepped in was made whole of whatsoever disease 
he had." (43) 




JERUSALEM FROM MOUNT or OLIVES.— From the summit of this mount (lie best possible view »f the sacred city is obtained. I lie base ol Ihc mount Is [OOO 
feet from the city; its summit about half a mile. It rises fully 1 50 feet above the level of Mount Moriall. The city seems lo lie almost at one's feel. I healniospllere 
is enlirelv Iree from haze, and the panorama visible Is one never to be forgotten. The 1 lew eastward embraces Jericho arid Bethany, the Va ley of the Jordan and 

the distant mountains of Moab. The course of tire Jordan, like ., thread of green, can be I ru ed until the water the Dead Sea IS visible. I lire south the 

country towards Hebron reveals many interesting sights. Tire nearest and most prominent sights in the city are he buildings in he Harem enclosure. While 
walking in the midst of them one can scarcely obtain a true conception of their relative size and position ; but from this mount tltey stand forth clearly In all their 
beauty. 



(4!) 




Fountain op thb Vikc.n.-A, .he has, :o, Mo„„, Ophel.an ... ^[ ^ ^^^^ il ;;i;";; i T,, n J;"" M 1^ c^^"^ 'i:'^ ™^ 

and thirty fee. Jeep, called .he Fountain t he V irg in. The Water s rea hed by ^ e fhght , „ X |)BW ,,,. lhe „ al | VM believlnjj .hat 

passage with .he Pool of S loam. From the fact ha « «l en, se ancT fal at >"« W£ the 5pr |„g in which this Stan, has Its source lies 

a dragon lives somewhere in the cavern, who stops lhe flow of the « ater lien ne is "wuie- 

beneath the Temple area Several le S e„ds account for t e -g^^a^wE He virgin was accused of ,1,1s sin she established 
child. According to another view any one guilty of adultery wno dram* or inis waiei u ( 
her innocence by drinking of the fountain. 




DAMASCUS GATE.— Built in the form of an elliptical arch and enclosed with huge iron doors, this hears the appearance of a prison. On either side are massive 
towers which show many signs of great age. These, as well as the wall immediately over the Kate, are surmounted with turrets and battlements, giving to it the 
most imposing appearance of all the gates that pierce the walls of modern Jerusalem. The ornamentation gives every indication of Saracenic architecture, hut it is 
probably built upon the very site of an older gateway. The famous northern road leads from its portals, and doubtless Saul of Tarsus, breathing forth threaten lugs, 
passed this way on his eventful journey to crush out of existence the followers of Jesus at Damascus. (Acts IX : 1-3.) Within the gate, formed by the towers, Is a 
large gloomy prison-like chamber, from which a dismal stairway leads to the parapet. This Is guarded by Turkish soldiers. (45) 




TOAtBS up THE KINGS.— These are about half a mile north of Hie Damascus Gate. Following Hie path down the side ol the rock, visible on Hie left, wc enter a 

doorway cut in the ruck and find ourselves in an open area, probably fifty feet square. From one side of this is the entrance l" tile tombs. I hese wc expl with 

lighted candles. They consist of chambers hewn in (he rocks, with which other smaller chambers are connected at different points. The walls ■ entirely rough and 

un sculptured. They bear no inscription to assist us in Identifying the spot. It is now generally believed that Hie bones of no kings rested within these caverns, but 
that [hey were prepared fur the remains of Queen Helena, who was converted to ludaism about 48 A. D. According to Josephus she was buried here. The external 
architectural adornment of these ruck tombs points to Roman limes and renders it morally certain that they were not the burial-place ol the Kiu^s ol JuJ;i|j. (46) 




RESTING on Road to Jericho.— Before us is a traveling party taking their mid-Jay rest. 'I'lie faithful and reliable cornel, (he patient beast of burden, Is rapidly 
being supplanted by the horse and mule. The latter is how most frequently used i.. carry the tents, beds and provisions ol tourists. The usual routine of a camping 
party passing through the sacred bud, is an early morning start jnd continuous motion at a slow gate until noon. Then .1 slop Is made and lunch served. Frequenlly 
From one to hvo hours are allowed for a restful nap. Die afternoon Journey is the most wearisome, the heat and dusi and the manifestations ol fatigue on the part ol 
the animals adding to the discomfort, The shades of evening are gladly welcomed. Camp life here has many attractions 1" the rugged and healthy, hut to the 
nervous the experience is often trying, sudden storms sometimes sweeping the tent from over the heads of its sleeping occupants. All these things but add to one's 
conception of the homeless life of Him who had " not where to lay his head." (48) 



JERUSALEM— VIEW FROM SCOPUS.— The sacred citv is elevated 2610 feet above the level of the Mediterranean, and yj22 feel above Hie Jordan. Occupying llie 
summits of five hills and surrounded on all sides, except the norlh, by deep valleys, it is one of the best naturally fortified cities in the svorld. Indeed, according to Hie 
methods of ancient warfare, it was impregnable, but modern artillery would speedily crumble its walls. To the norlh, however, there Is no natural obstruction to the 
approach of an enemy. The ground rises gradually to the summit of Scopus, from which we now view the city. This Is a western projection id the Olivet riJ«c 
and is about a mile distant from the city. We cannot stand here and view the hills that rise around this wonderful centre ol sacred history without remembering the 
words of Psalm CXXV : 2, " As the mountains are round about Jerusalem, so the Lord is round about his people." At the northwest corner of the wall and lacing 
Scopus, the celebrated tower of Psephinus was erected. It was seventy cubits high and afforded a sunrise view of Arabia and the sea. Ho) 



BETHANY.— Bethany is a lit tie village on the side of the Mount of Olives, not quite two miles from Jerusalem. It Ik* on Hie road Uial leads down from lerusnlcm I" 
Jericho; The houses are built of stone, the materials used being the remains of former buildings. Its surroundings of olive, pomegranate, and almond Ireci form 
a pleasant contrast t" the sterility ol the hills nearer Jerusalem. AH the interest in visiting Bethany is connected with the past. It inherits an Imperishable name 
from its connection with the presence and miracles of Jesus. The traveller will see here an old tower, called the Castle of Lazarus, and near liy the Supposed loml) ol 
Lazarus, reached by a lliyht of twenty-six stone steps, which brings us to a chamber about twenty feet below the level ol the door-step. Mere Is also pointed out the 
house of Mary and Martha. (SO 




Road from Jerusalem to Jericho, Showing Plains of Jericho.— From Bethany to Jericho the road is [he roughest and most barren hi all the land. 
At times it seems positively dangerous. To the mind of one passing its weird, wild scenes, the parable of the good Samaritan is constantly suggested, hi a peculiarly 
realistic way one goes " down from Jerusalem to Jericho.*' The extent of this descent is evident when it is remembered that Jerusalem is 4000 feet above the Jordan 
Valley. These wild and waste mountains and valleys are the " wilderness*' in which Jesus wandered for forty days, while one of the highest mounts Is pointed out 
as the summit from which the devil showed Him "all the kingdoms of Die world, and the glory of them." (Math. IV : H.) Tin- Bible student will recall Joshua and 
his marching host and the walls of the city falling as the trumpets are blown. The desolation suggests Joshua VI : 2U, " Cursed he the man before Die Lord, that 
riseth up and buildeth this city Jericho." The modern Jericho is a filthy Arab village, devuid of interest. (52) 



FOUNTAIN OF JERICHO— This is one of Hie most beautiful and abundant springs in the land. It Bushes forth from the base of a steep hill and flows in a npij 
stream, six or eight feet wide, over a bed of pebbles, giving the pleasant music of running water, a sound rarely heard bv the traveller in tire Orient. The banks' are 
densely covered willi overhanging bushes, calling to mind the trout streams of our own mountainous country. This fountain receives its name from the Impressive 
narrative ol II Kings II • in-22, " And the men of the city said unto Elisha, Behold, I pray thee, the situation of this city is pleasant, as my lord seeth : but the water 
is naught, and the ground barren. And lie said, Bring me a new cruse, and put salt therein. And they brought it to him. And he went forth unto the spring of' the 
waters, and cast the sail in there, and said, Thus saitli the Lord, I have healed these waters ; there shall not be from thence any more death or barren bind bo Hie 
waters were healed unto this day." 



i 



RIVER JORDAN.— This may safely be called the most famous river on earth. It is about 2co miles in length, with an average width of from too to 200 feet. Us 
current is very rapid and is frequently broken by rocks and cascades. The water is quite muddy, owing to the rapid rush over a clay bottom. The melting ol the 
snows about Mount Hermon cause an annual rise of the water, often called the " Swellings of Jordan." Its banks are covered with long grass and reeds, interspersed 
with marigolds, anemones and beautiful clusters of the pink oleander, adding a peculiar charm to the sacred stream. But the Jordan is famous not lor' its physical 
features, for the rivers of Damascus are more beautiful ; but for its wonderful historical associations. Here the leprous Naaman found a virtue that Abana aiid 
Pharpar could not impart. This stream, swollen into a torrent at the season of harvest, turned back to permit Israel to cross. Twice afterwards it divided tor Elijah 
and Elisha. Here Jesus was baptized of John, while the heavens opened to ratify the sacred rile. 




SOLOMON'S POOLS— As one glances at the excellent masonry surrounding these beautiful bodies of water, it is hard to realize that it dales back: to the dav of 



Solomon. The probability, however, is (hat these were constructed in their present form by David's son, although repairs have been made from lime to time " In 
tccles. 11: 6, Solomon says, "I made me pools of water to water therewith the wood that bringeth forth trees." The fountain which supplies them is concealed in the 
hill-side and is known as the " Sealed Fountain of Solomon." They are so constructed that the surplus water of the first runs into the second, and of the second into 
tile third. The third or lower pool is the largest, being s 8a feet long, 207 feet wide and 50 feet deep. The original purpose of tne pools was to supply Jerusalem with 
water. At the present time water is conveyed only to Bethlehem, although traces of the old aquedoct can be found leading to Jerusalem, a distance of about thirteen 
miles. , , 

(SSI 



MOSQUE COVERING CAVE OF MACHPELAH.— The chief attraction in Hebron, alike to the Christian, the Jew and the Moslem, is the Cave of Madipelah. It is no 
longer a cave, but a Mosque of massive appearance but not pleasing. The traveller may only gaze at a distance, he d.ire not enter ; the place being jealnuslv guarded 
by the Moslems. Until the year 1862 admittance was positively forbidden to Jew and Christian. Then the Prince of Wales was the first to penetrate into this sacred 
and interesting place. As the royal party entered the silver gate guarding the tomb of Abraham, the priest ejaculated : " O Friend of God, forgive tills intrusion." 
Here rest the remains of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob with their wives Sarah, Rebecca, Leah. Visitors will find the cracks and rents in the walls of the Mujtjuc 
utilized as depositories of prayers to the Father of the Faithful. (56) 



WELL OF BEERSHEBA.— Beersheba was the extreme southern limit of (lie country and one of the oldest places in Palestine. The first objects encountered bv the 
traveller entering the lan J from the snuth ;ire the Wells of Beersheba, seven in number, two large ones an J five quite small ones. The largest, which is pictured before 
us, is about twelve feet in diameter and about forty feet to the surface of the water. The masonry reaches downward more than twenty-five feet. The stones about 
the mouth of this well, as is evident in the photograph, have been worn into deep grooves by the action of the ropes during the many centuries that have elapsed since 
Abraham. The name Beersheba, " Well of the Oath," is traced to the covenant between Abraham and Ahimelech. " Wherefore he called that place Beer-sheba; 
because there they sware both of them." (Gen. XXI : ji.) Here Isaac was reared, and here, in all probability, Abraham received the command to sacrifice him. 
Thither, from the wrath of Jezebel, in later days, fled the prophet Elijah. (I Kings XIX : m (57) 



SINAI Range OF MOUNTAINS.— These mountains consist of an innumerable multitude of sharp rocky summits, thrown together in wild confusion, rising to different 
heights, leafless and barren, without the least trace of verdure to relieve the stern and awful features of the prospect. The view from one of these summits presents 
a "sea of desolation " without a parallel on the face of the earth, The valleys between the summits sink into steep and narrow ravines, with almost perpendicular 
sides several hundred feet in height, forming a series of defiles that can be safely traversed only by the wild Arab, who has his habitation among these eternal 
solitudes. These mountains gradually decline northward towards the Red Sea, in which direction lies the great wilderness in which the Children of Israel with (heir 
flocks wandered for forty years. ( Ex. X : o. ) If the barrenness then was such as it is now, they were sustained only by a continued miracle. However, it is believed 
from Gen. XLVII : i, that this desert was once supplied with water and vegetation. Now no animal save the camel is able to pass over it. (58) 



MOUNT SINAI.— The mountain from which the law was given is called Horeb in Deuteronomy, in the other hooks of Hie Pentateuch it is called Sinai. These names 
are now applied to two opposite summits of an isolated, oblong and central mountain in the midst of the Sinaitic group. It is about two miles In length I row north to 
south and about one-third of this distance in width. Its elevation is about 7cco feet above the level of the sea. A deep and narrow defile runs around the entire base 
of the mountain, giving the impression that the Almighty had peculiarly separated this sacred mount. The wandering Children of Israel remained in Horeb nearly a 
yeat, during which time their theocratic government was fully established. God's law was promulgated in terrible solemnity from this mount and committed to them 
as written by the finger of God. As we look upon its hallowed summit we hear the graphic description of the Word, " And the smoke thereof ascended as the smoke 
of a furnace, and the whole mount quaked greatly." (59) 



KUZNEH. — This is a beautiful temple, cut out of the solid sandstone rock in one of Ihe picturesque defiles near Petra. It is the most Interesting of all the sights visible 
around the historic Mount Seir. It is just opposite what Stanley says is the most magnificent gorge that he ever beheld. It is called " Wady of Moses." Some 
portions of this chasm are not more than twelve feet wide, while the perpendicular walls frequently rise to the height of 250 feet. A beautiful stream, overgrown with 
oleanders, runs through the entire length, while the overhanging vines, through which an occasional glimpse of the sky is obtained, render this one of the most 
charming walks on earth. At the end of this chasm, which extends a full mile, the Kuzneh bursts like a fairy vision upon the pilgrim's view. Robinson says tjiat 
the character of this wonderful spot, and the impression which it makes, are indescribable. (60) 



THE Red SEA.— That portion of tliis great sea that is most interesting to the Bible student, is divided into two gulfs by the historic peninsula of Sanai. The western 
is known as the Gulf of Suez and is about 130 miles long with an average width of twenty miles. The eastern is the Akabeh, and is much smaller. Some conception 
ot the rugged and rocky shore of the sea is obtained from the photograph. This sea possessed for many centuries the most important sea-trade of the Orient, the 
Egyptians and Phoenicians being foremost among its navigators. But that which has given to this body of water its greatest fame, is the crowning miracle o'f the 
exodus— the safe passage of Moses and his people, and the overthrow of Pharaoh and his army. Modern exploration lias failed to find any ground h>r the rationalistic 
theory that Moses found a shallow ford and that an unusual tide overwhelmed Pharaoh. The miracle stands as one of the most wonderful of sacred history. The 
exact piace of the crossing has never been satisfactorily identified. j 



BETH LEH EM — GENERAL VIEW. — Ne\t to Jerusalem, Ihe scene of Jesus' death, no spot appeals more directly to the heart of the Christian traveller, or (fives birlll 
to more holy emotions, than the spot where Jesus, the true bread of life, was born. Bethlehem's authentic history begins with Ihe death and burial of Rachel, 
(Genesis XXXV : 1S-.20.) Six hundred years later it was the scene of Ihe romance of Boa/ and Ruth. (Ruth IV : t M David was born here, and at the age Of 
seventeen was anointed King of Israel, in honor of which it was called the "City of David." After years of oblivion, Bethlehem again emerges into far greater glory 
as the city where " God was made manifest in the flesh." The modern town consists of about 5C0 bouses, the Church of the Nativity and the adjoining Convents. 
The clean appearance of the houses, and the general air of comfort, is a subject of remark to travellers. Bethlehem is thoroughly Christian in sentiment, lesus 
reigns supreme in His native city. (63) 




BETHLEHEM-VIEW SHOWING THE CHURCH.-This view of the ever memorable city of our Saviour's birth gives us an accurate idea oj Uie peculiarities of (lie 
Landscape. The city is situated upon a narrow ridge which projects from the main range. From the summit to the surrounding valley the country slopes in e< en 
and beautiful terraces, giving one the impression that it is the workmanship of an experienced gardener. These terraces are overgrown with luxurious vines and 
olive trees. On the eastern brow of the ridge, a short distance from the town, stands the imposing collection of buildings, supposed to cover the spol ol Jesus' birth, 
They consist of the Church of the Nativity and three Convents. The church was erected by the Empress Helena early in the fourth century, and is considered one 
of the oldest monuments of Christian architecture in the world. However, only a small portion of the original structure remains. Some of the Corinthian columns are 
said to have once formed a part of the temple at Jerusalem. ' 



CHAPEL of THE NATIVITY, BETHLEHEM.-The Chapel or Grotto of the Nativity is a cave in the rock over which the cliurcli is built. It Is twenty feci below the 
floor of the church, and is approached hyhvo spiral staircases. Descending by either staircase, we enter an irregular shaped vaull, apparently hewn oul ol the rock 
encased with Italian marble and decorated witli lamps, embroidery, pictures of saints and other ornaments. At the east end is a recess where a marble slab III the 
pavement, in the centre of which is a silver star, marks the spot of Christ's nativity. Around file star are inscribed Hie words In Latin, "Here Jesus Christ'wa: born 

of the Virgin Alary." Above the spot sixteen lamps are kept continually burning. In the recess, directlv opposite the Chapel ol Ule Manger, marl s lllc spol 

discovery of the wooden manger, now the property of the Church of St. Maria Maggiore, at Rome. The Altar ol the Magi is -aid to cover tin- around .. he,.. H„. 
nu o of the East presented their gifts. 



- 



Bethlehem— View from the Southwest?— This view of the town, which is second only la Jerusalem in sacred Interest, gives us a conception ol Its streets 
and houses. The former are very narrow, sleep and often quite dangerous on account of the slippery charactet ol the rocks. I lie latter number about 600 and are 
generally of a very substantial nature. Indeed there is an air of refinement and cleanliness that is quite rare in Oriental villages and cities. The inhabitants still (jive 
evidence of the war-like spirit and the ruddy beauty which characterized David. They are quite civil to slrangers and seem more disposed lo sell lhaij to beg, Hie 

great majorily of them find their occupation in the manufacture of crucifixes and models of sacred shrines. These are carved oul ol olive wood or wood taken [j 

the Dead Sea, and find a ready sale among the pilgrims who wish something as a memento of the place where Jesus was born. The men ot Bethlehem outstrip all 
others in claiming that nearly all the great events of sacred history transpired in the caves and grottoes ai^ul their town. yj^j 




CONVEM OF MAR SABA.— This is a quaint and remarkable structure that no pen can accurately describe. It was founded by St. Saba III Hie year 4V> A. I >,, 
and was probably then a single chamber excavated in the solid rock. It is now a combination ol these chambers, comiei led in every Imaginable way without any 
method or design. The whole structure is surrounded by a high wall, and the surrounding desolation makes it an ideal spot for one who would exclude himself from 
contact with human life. In addition to the high walls, two towers are noticeable, built upon the mountain side a sliorl distance above the Convent proper, fltesc 
were probably erected as watch towers to guard against sudden attacks of the Bedouins, whom the monks greatly dread. Among Oilier curiosities within this strange 
labyrinth is shown a vault containing 14,000 skulls of martyred monks. No Jemale is ever allowed to cuter this convent, there being a tradition with its monks that 
the walls will fall the moment a woman enters its portals. (/x/) 



THE FIELD OF THE SHEPHERDS.— In which of the fields near Bethlehem tlie shepherds were watching their flocks on the eventful night of our Lord's nativity, 
we can never positively know : hul, as we look about us, we know that the field is somewhere in this " same country " within the range of our vision, Tradition 
has fixed upon the field before us, which is enclosed by a stone wall and which contains a number of beautiful olive trees. The central feature of Interest here Is the 
GROTTO OF THE SHEPHERDS. This is a little subterranean church, containing a number of paintings. It belongs to the Greeks, who claim that II is the identical 
spot where the angel appeared and said to the shepherds, " Fear not ; for, behold, I bring you good tidings of great joy, which shall be to all people," and where the 
glory of the Lord shone round about them. As we stand upon this sacred spot, we notice a charming little blue flower of stellar shape, growing at our feet. This Is 
called by the monks the " Star of Bethlehem,'' and is often plucked as a souvenir of the spot. ( 7 o) 



THE DEAD SEA.— This strange body of water, Wlikll has attracted more scientific research than any oilier on earth, is forty-six miles long and eleven wide, with an 
average depth of one thousand feet. )t is nearly four thousand feet below the level of Jerusalem and fully thirteen hundred feet below the Mediterranean. It is the 
inosl dreary waste of all this desolate valley of the Jordan. But a few puny shrubs grow upon its shores, while its water supports no life. In the days of Josephus 
it must have been just (lie same, for he says, " The shores are unfruitful, the waters very hitler and so dense that they bear up the heaviest things thrown Into them." 
A medical friend compares the taste of the water to a compound of epsom salts and the tincture of quassia. To the student of the Bible this dreary waste of water is 
most interesting, because it marks the spot whereon stood the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah, in regard to which it is said, " The Lord rained brimstone and tire from 
out of heaven.' 1 This sea has no visible outlet and the great evaporation often enshrouds it in a heavy dark mist, making it an apt type of hell. (71) 



BETHEL.— This memorable place is situated about twelve miles north of Jerusalem, on the road to Shecfiem. At present a small Syrian village is all that marks Hie 
spot. The rocky character of the country is quite noticeable in the picture before us. We at once see that Jacob would have had no difficulty in finding the pillow ol 
stone on which he rested his head the night of his glorious dream. It was on the adjoining hills that Abrahamand Lot stood and surveyed the surrounding country before 
they separated. It was here that Jeroboam set up a golden calf. It was here that the bears destroyed the children who mocked Elisha. Hrom our view, \v« can 
imagine what is literally true, that its roads are almost as hard climbing as a ladder, being steep and rocky. Both Amos and Hosea foretold that desolation should 
follow idolatrous rites here practised, and what was Bethel " the house of God," soon became Bethaven, " the house of nought." (72) 



SAMARIA— DISTANT VIEW.— Ancient Samaria, which is so familiar to the Bible reader as the capital of the Kingdom of Israel, was beautifully situated on a circular 
hill, about 5co feet above the neighboring valleys. This is the hill which Omri, the father of Ahab, bought "of Shemer for two talents of silver, and built on the 
hill, and called the name of the city which he built, after the name of Sbemer, owner of the hill, Samaria." (I Kings XVI : 24.) Robinson says: " it would be difficult 
to find in all Palestine a situation of ei)ual strength, fertility and beauty. In all these particulars it lias very greatly the advantage over Jerusalem." It was upon 
this site that Aliab built a temple in honor of Baal. " He reared up an altar for Baal in the house of Baal, which he had built in Samaria." (I Kings XVI ■ 12 ) 
This was destroyed by Jehu. It was here that Naamau, the leper, met the prophet of Israel. Indeed this spot was peculiarly honored bv (he presence and deeds of 



SAMARIA— HEROD'S COLONNADE —The site of the ancient city is the long ridge of a lofty hill, around which are extensive and beautiful valleys. The ruins are 
quite marked and of great interest. On all sides one sees evidence of a once charming and prosperons city ; at the same lime one instinctively thinks of the words 
recorded in Micah 1:6, "I will make Samaria as a heap of the field, and as plantings of a vineyard : and I will pour down the stones thereof Into the valley, and I 
will discover the foundations thereof," Before us, In this view, are some of the columns of the beautiful colonnade, built in the time of Herod. About 100 ol these 
columns still stand and are in an excellent state of preservation. They are about sixteen feet high and about two feet in diameter. Surrounded as they are, by 
ploughed fields, rough stone walls and orchards of figs and olives, they present a strangely sad appearance. The city was rebuilt In great splendor by Herod the Great, 
but to-day is as desolate a spot on the face of the earth as Is the character of its builder upon the page of history. (74; 




Samaria— JACOB'S WELL.— Those who have made most careful examination and investigation agree that this is the well of Jacob, situated in lire portion ol 
ground that Jacob gave to 1 lis son Joseph, quite near to the base of Mount Gerizim. Not far distant we note the tomb ol Joseph. A church was once built over Hi" 
well, but now only faint traces of the ruins remain. To reach the mouth of the well proprr, we descend several feet into an arched vault about nine feet in diameter 
The well is probably about seventy feet deep, containing considerable water. As much rubbish lias fallen In, Its original depth may have been much greater It 
obtains Its greatest fame from the fact that sitting here, Jesus, in conversation with the Samaritan woman, uttered the memorable words : "If thou knewest the' -.ill 
of God, and who it Is that saith to thee, Give me to drink ; thou wouldest have asked of him, and he woold have given thee living water." And the woman 
answered, "Art thou greater than our father Jacob, which gave us the well, and drank thereof himself, and his children, and his cattle?" (John IV. I (75) 




SAMARIA VIEW OF RUINS.— The present village of Samaria is quite insignificant, but on all sides the traveller comes into contact with ruins (In! (ell the unmis- 
takable story of past wealth and greatness. It will be remembered that it was destroyed by the Assyrians, alter having been once delivered, according to the word of 
the prophet Ellsha. It was rebuilt by Herod the Great. Among the many interesting ruins, the Church of St. John commands the most attention. Standing upon 
a precipitous elevation of fully too feet, it was evidently a magnificent monument. The reputed tomb of John the Baptist is beiow the Hour of the church and is 
reached by a flight of fifteen steps. It is an excavation in the solid rock, about twenty feet square. Josephus tells us that John was beheaded in the castle of 
Machaerus, east of the Dead Sea, yet the belief that this is the spot of his burial is quite universal. / ;fj ) 



mm , ,i„l,H„llv sltnuted It lies in the valley that runs between Mounts Ebal and Germm-a remarkably fertile : valley, sparkling 

SHECHEM, NABLOUl.-NaWous is delightfully situated It IKS In lie van > . a ^ , j( o)ives , Natl |ous tanks as one 



ZK=vS;: and foliage, and ■^^^^^''.55 oLr.housand years, 
of the oldest dtles of Palestine. The city of Shechem. which Is supposed to ^have »«upl.d the » site * ^ ^ lnt0 lllc AraWc NaD £ „ 



Nablus, the present name of the city. Its narrow streets, its stone dwellings, 
those of Jerusalem, as the buildings ptoject over them, imparting a tunnel-like appeara.icc. 



Mount GERI/IM. — Mount Getfeim ithe Mount of Blessing) is nearly three thousand feet above the level of the- sea. Extensive ruins cove, Hie summit, nmnM I'V 
some as the remains of the once grand temple of the Samaritans, anj by others as portions ..I the great fortress here erected by the Emperor Justinian, Some 
massive stones are ider.ti.iej. by a legend, with the twelve sloi.es that Joshua brought up out ol Jordan as „H-„,o,ials ol ll„- miraculous dividing of ll„- waters. Near 
here is a piece of rock, said to have been the allar of the great temple. Regarding it as sacred the Samari.aos never approach It, save with umovered l«L As ti c 
Moslem torus toward Mecca „, the moment of p.ayer and the Jew toward Jerusalem, so Joes the Samanlan tun, toward Has nek n lime of devotion. L ' 
asthe sceoe of the ottering of Isaac, of Jacou's vision, as the place where the Tabernacle was first set up, and where the Ark rested. None of lliese Statements can 
be verified On the west is the Mediterranean, on the north Mount Hermon, below to the east is the plain of Makhna, and beyond the mountains of G.lead, (79, 




THE CONVENT— CARMEL -The Convent h a large building, simple in its architecture, consisting "I two stories, surmounted by a dome, li l< raid In !»■ erected 

over the rave in which Elijah sought shelter when Ahab sought his lite. The fathers jr. chare* are hospitable to strangers 1 Itowevcl refusing ' <" 

delrav expenses Carmel from earliest times has been closely allied with events in sacred history, hot owes its chief celebrity to lis connection will, EllslM and blljall, 
I., early Christian limes the caves and cells on and about the mountain were the abode of numberless hermits. Subsequently a monastery was Mi I. winch was 
ulihred by Napoleon as a Hospital when he bested Acre. Alter the retreat ol the French the building was destroyed. Some time Jflei when a monk, named lean 
Batlisla, came on a pilgrimage to Carmel. only an altar and archway remained. He vowed to rebuild the Convent, begged for fourteen years, and the present 
building is the result of his labors. 



(82) 



ii, • i,iiic mhWi form the southern tidxc ol Lebanon, just before lliey sink into Hie plain «l EsJwelon. 

Nazareth, FROM the EAST.-Nazaretlt is * »"« mil. long and o quarter 01 i ewUe. II I. a 

It is a pleasant spot, encompassed by til.ecn m arked MM ^«"S* e s ^ h ™ * u ,i,e„,lc history prior K> Hie Christian era. AIM a village .,1 consider.; 
rich and fertile field in the midst of the surrounding barrenness. NaT , , , „ K . , bm „, „„, Ur j , he ,,„„ Naitarenc Was used 

ble sine a. the time of the Annunciation, we find „o mention Of It In U.e O d " ™ ^ wilh ertt ,|„g .. N „ rane •• , N»».m, The town 

as one of contempt, and at the present day the hoys ol the »*^ S J ™7,S „, , he precipices, in Others >eem to nestle In the glens. Na/areUl was 
presents a picturesque appearance. The houses. In some ins.an e, seen, to E hi P I ^ |( w>j ^ homc o) Jcius ^ „ ( ^ „„ 

the residence of Joseph and Mary and the scene of the Annunciation. ll.UMi.ao, (g)) 

His ministry. (Matt. II : 23.) 



Nazareth— View from the West.— White to Bethlehem we give the honor of being tlte birth-place of Jesus, yet to Nazareth is due llic greater lionorof having 
given him a home for thirty years. It is just north of the Plain of Esdraelon, about seven miles from Mount Tabor and about fifteen from the Sea of Galilee, H Is 
seventy miles north of Jerusalem. As the photograph shows, it is situated in a lovely little Jell or valley, surrounded on all sides by bills about 800 fret In height. 
As we ascend these hills and view the beautiful panorama before us, we arc constrained to realize tliat again and again Jesus must have climbed IhcM Same paths 
and viewed the same everlasting hills and mountains. History preserves no record of that portion of our Saviour's life spent here, but Imagination (Uppllej us with 
many thoughts concerning his unwritten boyhood. It was concerning one of these steep hills before us that we read in Luke IV ; ay, of the angry crowd thai " led 
Jesus to the brow of the hill, whereon the city was built, that they might cast him down headlong." 1841 




Nazareth, Fountain uf the VIRGIN.— The Greeks, differing from the Latins In their identification »f the spot where the Angel Gabriel saluted the Virgin Mary, 
have erected their Church of the Annunciation on the eastern side of Nazareth. Their bellel i-> thai Mary was standing by Die fountain, drawing water, when the 
received the heavenly visitation. Over this fountain their church stands. It is p low, plain structure, containing a number of cleverly painted Bible ttcjltf ;md an 
excellent picture of the Annunciation. From beneath the church the water Hows through a stone archway to an outlet Just Mow, Tile ft the uboul Die spot where 
the water flows into a stone trough is always animated an J interesting It is a f avorite meeting-pla« tor the young people of the town, and, at evening, they may he 
seen in numbers awaiting their turn to fill their vessels. No matter how little our faith In the belief of the Greeks, we arc contained to that, as this is the most 
prominent fountain in the neighborhood, the boy Jesus must have frequently tasted of its waters. (86) 



ccjil wliei 



MOUNT TABOR. Mount Tabor is a f**^"*** p'S Si* « l'cv" ol 2 M S^S ' I lie iwuljlefll 

connected by an almost imperceptible ridge with the hi Is o ostilee ib nog i M |je„ili,ej a, the Mown ol I roii.fPKurat but Intel 

face of the mountain is nearly bar,, but .be northern Is dolhed « a t « O.K. ^ f > ^ , ^ ^ „, 

investigations demonstrated the impossible »f Its King the ate. The m c 1 E>dr „ .,,.„ Ule lmm , „| Nain. Shllnein, I Has and 

Transfiguration. From the summit may be seen the Sea ol Gullet, Mounl ner weIe k || W . I ludge. VIII : 1 8, I,,) And Intel a the 

Endor. It was here that Barak gathered his army. Judges I v . 14. (87) 
scene of Israel's idolatry- tHosea V : I.) 



C^^Z ^h^^'^^fj tT^M^'n^of BeatUuJc? ' uts aTs'o ITnown as Th'e Hums oTHaUIn/ (r!m ii* lesem^an^Mo the two of *i ■ ' /» *' I - . - . I . jVt'- 1 1 1 ^ 

■«— *• ^'^'^V^/^ ' ."r^ 

one of the highest mountains, is the old city of SafeJ. upon which Jcsu> mi> MveTOKM aikii i« -l <™ » «v » ' S , M |. „ .■„„..,„ ,,„,,.„,.,, , h . 

Tradition also associates the summit of this hill with the feeding of tile five thousand. I Malt. XIV : Ij-JI.) It was here also that Salad,,, so >\ V ,M, delcaUJ the 
Cnjsaders in July, 1187, 



• k.M. (>m. Is new but I li.lle Kroup of small hOUlea at Hit loot of Ulllt HCTOIOII, BUOUt 

NAIN.— This village, to which the J,-, miracle of our Lord ha, pven unrwisj * me, . n ; Q „ , he „,„.„,,„ „„„. ,„ ft, ml I. BlWOr, Where 

three miles south ol Tabor and about twenty iron. Capenuom. » " h .. m „ ( N; „„ „ ,,„,„„ burial-plate where are visible rack-town 

du el, the witch to whom Saul went jus, before the fatal battle of Cdboa jus ou d« the 104 ,„ use in .he days of taa II was. doubtless, 

..nibs of great antiquity. The r** "<m ^^^J^^^^L.- when Jesus, wllil deep compassion for .he widow, brought .he 
to this place that the procession was bound that earned .he Ml nf the onls son 
young man to life and delivered him 10 his molher. (Luke V...J 



1 




ih. „i„, whm ksus blt-wj. by lli^ protnet, Ihi imlllullon «i marrlmfe. 1 lie 

Caka of Galilee. — Cana o. Game will always b. ^ UP- ™, nm , ;;; ^ ■ * - J- ' ,, ,,„, " I „, M w* , ««- 

hrsl Christian priding recorded in John II : i-i i, « ' " * "J » «■ ™ ™£ „ £ avi „ ur „>. „ K ■■ noMenn "I Capernaum, *l«- v* »n .I k, « d 

the traditional water pots. " containing wo or three firkins apiece. (J*n 



m 





, . ,,. ,,,.,„ „,i„fihe Sea of Galilee stands U,e owe imr*riaUity of Tiberias. It mi founded by Herod Afillmj*. Il« 

TOWN OF TIBERIAS. — Four miles from the southern end of the »» uoftenmarlhlltlty, bul II ll uncel whether Hecwenlered II. I' w»« 

murderer of John the Baptist, afe»-yatsb«f<«Cbrr«l ^ J™""™"" £,,,„ ,„„,,„ „, with a dead My rendered llrein earemonlnlly .1 nil. The 

built on a SP „I formerly «eupW as a cemetery, eanseauentl, Jte >™»'*™ ' . ,„ „„ lN „ all e In 18,7. when lull of Hie InhnMI peril lied. 

modern Tiberias is not so large ns the antieot dty. The walls were shake,,. a,,J newly > , „„ b|B< j Jlc , ,„„„ ,|,e l„„e ol ll* I.,,,- ,.d. M, belli. 
The population is over three thousand, nearly two thousan » horn are Jew * M« O ek ho, ^ ^ j,.,,, „„,,. A „ , „„„. „„,„ „ 



i,,,., ,nJ prosperous city ; but is Indebted lo Hie presents and work ol 
SITE OF CAPERNAUM.-At the commencement of the Christian Era Oapern, urn His ..„„.„ dlv .» Here He chose Matthew. (Mall. IX: 9.) 
Jesus for Its present renown. At Nazareth be was brough I ; up, but Wperna p ' vlll . , 4 ,, ,„e paralytic (Matt. IX : 2-0] and the mar, ajlle ed 

Here Heworked the miracleon the centurion's servant (Matt. VIII. S;° n f ™°" ' , u , d | scours< . „| John VI. Here He gaveforth the parables of the "H.dde., 

with an unclean spirit (Mark I r in tire synagogue here was S| ol«n l „ ^ ;J|1 wonder ,„ ,,, c ju j s ,„e„t p,o„o,.„ccd upon a city so highly tnmi. 

Treasure," the " Merchant seeking family |*J*. «» ?' 2? ' ..asbee.i verified until at present even its site is a quest™, ol debate. IOJ) 
whose ciiizens so persistently rejected Hr.nl The predict*, of Matt. XI . ; S , 24, has 




SITE oh BETHSAIDA.— BrtlrsaUla was evidently quite near to Chorum and Capernaum. Ancient jt^Mue^MmJku* to»M t and *""»"'! J* °" 
the ^ of the lake. Qr^allv called ^JZ^^S^^tt:^^^ 
minds as (he birthplace of five apostles. Here Peter and A ndr e a . id. . . . J n . , J |Kh „, lhe eround 
Here no doubt is the scene of the miraculous ^f^^tj^^.^ „ . i ,l,e footsteps ..I Jesus. Bui the " woe " has fallen Bethsaida. 

sss sss^ - r 

bad been done in l yre and Sldon, they would have repented long a a o in sackcloth and ashes. (Malt. XI . -..) 




„. i< situated in i vallev at tile foot of Mount Hermon. It was a city of considerable importance, in Christ's time, but since llien 
CyESAREA PHILIPPI.— This v, Hage ,s si . ua te J " » = ™ „,„ „, ,,„,,, s consisting of only fifty or sixty houses and one or hvo 

has met with many changes, rite grand build.n s n Qrea e[] ^ . mJ btJU „,, eJ the p i ace , changing Its name 

shops. It was first called Pannnn or Paneas, nil l a hen 8 * P. n P. ^ „„„„.„ as C a.. s area Paneas, a name which is preserved in 

to Ca,sarea Phllippi. A temards t was £^™£S^nK reached by Jesus during His earthly pilgrimage. The greatest interest the traveller teeis 
XTvil 1XZ SEStS . «- — - * Transfiguration. 



, ,i ntinrinalobiectsol interest in connection with Bunias, Is tile great fountain, wliidi is one ..I llic principal 

SOURCE OF THE RIVER JORDAN-BAN IAS »-°neot MK pru . „ ows „,,„« ,„ . s , loJ . sl , c J rivulet. As (he water from the fountain (lows 

sources of the Jordan. It bursts out in .. series "I , , re.. n s, I "1 M l „, |[ m e sto ne cliff, in the lace of winch Is ., cave or grotto, the 

through the plain and valley near Banias it renders the and r> fertile He ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ inscripllo „ Si rK<mlin| , ,„, ^ |„ slory 

Paniuhl or sanctuary of Pan, Iron, which the town took lis name u ■ - Augustus. The ruins ol this temple are entombed 

of the grotto. On the summit of Ihe cliff, Herod the Great erected a ndid Itempl «h, m 
in Ihe grotto, except .. fragment clinging to the rocks above, dedicated to a Moslem 



nanMlHFNT and this mount is a very conspicuous object to all travelers through the norm of the Holy Una 1 . 
MOUNT HERMON. — The name HliRMON means , ■<" suMJMT^ f..r il has three peaks atout a ouarler of a mile dislant from one another. 

However, hut few have attempted to climb to its snnw-crowm-d summits, we y ^ ^ „ „ probably ro.cco feet above the sea, 

It is the souther,, end of the Anti-Letanon range and »«■«{*«; «"« JJ "°™J™ he Mediterranean to the Sea of Galilee, being visible. There is here found the 
and Iron, its top is the most commanding view in all P.ileshne, | 'J "| ' | Israel engaged in the idolatrous worship of Baal. The DEW of Hermon Is p«cy 
ruins of an ancient place of worship, supposed to be one. of he ihnji place ' ■ , , , er . n le opinion is held by many thai Hern,,,,, was the 

llarly excellent and abundant ,Ps. ,„ : i). Tents and blanke s d n , k PJ from dr nU , g ^ ^ ^ ^ 

scene of our Saviour's Transfiguration, as this event is mentioned in connection 




D. 



) Ihi 



We 



ming spot from the distant mountains is : 1 am now looking upon the oldest 
that it was already a noted place in the days of Abraham, 2cco years before 



JS, Distant View— Tile first impression as one catches a glimpse 
city in the world. Damascus seems to have an undisputed right to this '''^ ^ n Q F '- ^ ANT1QUITY so „„ vk .|j s ,„ ev en a stronger impression ol its beauty, 
Christ. "The steward of his house was Ellezer of Damasks. Tins mpr " ° F ^ f , ]]e „ Mt v „„ „„« r „,j „, Mahomet, that on liist 

whether viewed from distant Hermon or Lebanon or from "^"^^^"^''"X I " led no, have his in this woild." It iies in the mklstof 
"<*< «E " I" '«™ed away and refused to enter ,t, savnig, J la A s there » as In u and ^ ^ ( ^ ^ ^ 

an extended plain, well watered by the pure slreams of Ahana and Pharpliar- in 
so abundant in these ancient cities, are prominent in the foreground. 



lot)) 




hi tailing it llie " (J.irJen ttl l-Jcii ;*' but llie 

DAMASCUS, Near Vinw.-Viewed fro,,, the distance, Damascus has such . , ^N^Ofi reels. It is pre-eminently an Oriental city. There Is vWMc 

enchantment that distance lends Is, to a great extent, fir objects to attract attention; then the many white 

We or no effort to Imitate western customs I he mar Me . n, .rets c „ ned ^^nc^m J lbe m ,„J ,,„„,,„,. 80es J* over 

buddings that stand out ,» beautiful contras to he s o undi g g. rd of dc green g ^ ^ shakcspMre re(ets ,„ lhe st „,„, 

the many age, and scenes and characters ident. ed with 11 s *fc»U«> " ' , „ b „ „„ lamnbr hlslory „, Na 
tile murder of Abel took place here. Many are llie Bible allusions to It. II 



the leper, and his language concerning its beautiful rivers, an< 



,d the conversion of Paul and his subsequent preaching in ils synagogues. 



— , i .t„ i„i,„, this historic wall we see, as never More, liow easily Paul could have escaped without being 

WALL WHERE PAUL WAS LET DOWN.-As we stand >tuj> ing IMS MS OTIC V. , . • jiiM , jf „ ]is g m „ cry evlJenM M 

observed from the city, and how Rahab succeeded in making go* I the escaj w of I uv 1 , ■ n ^ rf ^ ^ bm anJ f>( ,„ (rri „ r . Up „„ 

antiquity, and there is no reason to doubt that It is the same that stood ibo. >c. ■ ; t ■ <onla .( windows Iron, which escape could readily 

wall is erected, after the custom of the city, a modern dwell ng. extend *?™™WJitoik ,,,,„ ,, v „i s ht. and let 1.1m down by the wall In a basket" 
beeffected. As we note all this we read will, new Interest Ads IX . 25 - ' *» »>' (,„,) 
This spot is near the house of Naaman, the leper, and the gale called the Gate of Peace. 



i , ,„„ „ Damascus the way lies thmxh . we***, desert ml c oM Roman road is reached. Here a 

-Travetaetan^Banl^ to ^»«* » [| » ^ , rjJ „, s|(e „, tht p. lu r s wonJerlul vision as he approached Damascus to 



ant: ur taUL'S COi'ivchjiul' - 1 ■ •*•■ — o ~ . - I. j the traditional site 01 MC raui'S wonuenui vision .11 nc n|i|)i uamtu uniuuat.u3 iu 

number of pilgrims are ^.^SSmT--' and suddenly Ihere sinned round [about him a llghl from heaven rand ]«Wltoll» 

■lion of Eire old road 
"™S°'j n i'eVaXtsemblm'g a lun: 



prosecute the followers of Christ. " As he journeyed, he » " Msti'n, ol mmls embedded pebbles. The sides have heen lowered by pilgrims 

earih." (Acts IX:,. 4-1 The mound visible before us Is a port on of I . d Jcv , lt „„, „, (all pI '„ slrale upon this honore | ,„„,, „ eral ,„ tolld , 

who have (alien tire pebbles to preserve as relics of this sacred spot I . , rfiro ugh this the superslilious pass, rubbing their bodies agaii 

the shoulder to the pebble bank. There is an arch-like excavat.on in the bank, resemblmt ^ 



its sides. 




, „ ■ „„„ld he'incomnleie williout a study of the Baioars. White i.i Ule nlnil and quality of I 

DAMASCUS, BAZAARS. A vis, to Damascus »••»" '«•' ' , is v .,„, n . , Mj „ ove |,y thai charm (lie visitor. I here art II 

cannot he compared with II* marlwt-places ot mm r • ■ splendid silk damask, Interwoven with gold. I he mnnufa 

qnal.ty displayed. Amop C the lost arts of Damascus is the manufa tor P „ s d| , ,« lll0se „,,j, ,, y 

Damascus swords no longer exists. The weapons offered for . «« of inferior ^.llt) , |M fo( |, is tu „nln s work, 

Arab pays more attention to the adornment of Ins favorite sl.ed than ,f I ,s n I c I. Ihe l„ uni! er 5 crowd around and offer 



IC K""ds 

c-made fahrl 
.lure .,( Hi.: 

the saddlers 
ganshlp. Tl 
iliggestlons a 



cs of line 
celebrated 
. As the 
e different 
lid advice 
(104) 




BAALBEC— DISTANT VIEW OF RUINS.— These extensive ruins have been the wonder and admiration of pilgrims from all parts of the world, Situated hi a beautiful 
and fertile plain, between the Lebanon and Anti-Lebanon mountains, Baalbec, before the time of our Saviour, was a lar^e and prosperous walled city. Now It Is but 
a puny village, entirely destitute of life or comfort. All the interest of the traveller centres in the ruins, which present the finest possible specimens of all that is 
beautiful and ornate in architecture and sculpture. Remnants of Jewish, Doric, Tuscan and Corinthian architecture arc found, fiMi'K plausibility to the theory Hut 
portions of these structures were erected at different periods of the world's history. The ruins proper cover an area of about oco feet in one direction by about sco 
in another. The Arabs attribute these buildings to Solomon, and believe that a portion of his great wealth lies buried beneath them. The trained eye sees In them 
a peculiar blending of the civilizations of Asia and Europe. I loGj 



.1.1. „f nervation and one tan trace Die different portions wilh satisfaction. II I . a wonderful 
BAAL3EC, TEMPLE OF JUPITER.- This temple is slih ,n a Ur s > J ^ ^ . c0 |„m„s are sixty-five feet In height, the diameter at the to being tU f«t three 
monument of ancient art. It is 2jo feel In length by 120 In Width. n,e ^° _. , , h porlko |, composed of Immense stones which reach from the 

inches, and at the lop live feet eight inches. Many of them si I rem «n standi ng. T he «. ling : P ,„,„',„, flowers. The carvings within the building 

entablature .0 the walls of the main building. On the ^'^°<^'"m'S„£ of this present age. Around the walls are recesses for statues, which at 
itself are very intricate and beautiful. One sees many patterns used In he J >• mutilating liand of lire Moslem, but even more from lire tremendous 

one time were probably filled with exquisite works of art. rhe temple lias sunereu (lc8) 

earlhquake of 1750. 



baalbhc, Great monoliti 

workmanship. To an antiquarian they are the study of a 
us is one lying in the quarry, whence it haj been hewn. It measures sixty 
It contains ihout 14 ooo cubic feet and must weigh about t ico tons. 
peop^Tdre-s the stones while quarrying .hem. There has been much speculation as 



satisfactory theory lias been advanced, 
darkness. 



There is 



. . .1 | j] ]C w „dJ Nowhere Is Ilk-re evidence of more exquisite 

souared and trimmed on three sides showing that It was tile Custom Or Hie 
' to how stones line Ibis were quarried and moved to their positions, hut no 
with all these massive ruins, hence we are left In much doubt and 



It is accurately s 



a peculiar absence of inscriptions in connection V 



(ie/j) 



BAALBEC, MONOLITH IN Wall. Even more wonderful to many than the ornate ruins of Hie temples, Is the masonry of the outer walls of lirilbcc Here il 
three largest stones ever usej in architecture. A conception of them is obtained from the view before us. One of these is sUly-four feel long another six v-lhree i 

eight inches, and the third sixty-three feet. Each is thirteen feet high and thirteen feet thick. To these dimensions musl be added fact lliat i have h. , , 

into the wall fully twenty feet above the ground, and the further fact that the quarry from which they were taken Is lolly a mile distant. Those who IJ.'- v Solomon 

with the buildings of Baalbec, connect these stones with the narrative in I Kings VII: "And the foundation was of costly stones, EVEN GREAT sruNLs stones 
ten cubits, and stones of eight cubits." The Arabs believe that Solomon was a magician, and by a magic word, moved these giant slabs. ' (,, 0) 




, ,..„„» rit ~ i„ our entire iourney. It contain! about 70,000 JnluMUnls, mostofwliom jormtobtlliriflyandlmlmltlouD.llvliis 

BEYROUT.— Thisisoneof the most pleasant cities In our emir, journey, mm / | 10 „ M l W av, In nasslni! tllrough I he bus ncsj slrreU wciire 

in commodious and comfortable houses, keeplnf, the streete ^tE K «.* Moslems, Saturday by .1.0 lev I 

at once impressed with the variety "I sects and creeds resident here. H'tce da, - in tl a . VOX .. <■ 1 , , , ■ m |„ u , ,., r |,. 

Sunday by the Christians. Besides, the Greeks and Armenians keep ..nun d> ay t I ., . . I M ev d V ,,, I . ^ ^ ^ 

:r^s.«^ — * 

printing presses send out books in the Arabian language. 




PANOP.AAU OF JEIIUSALEAI, THE DAY OF THE CRUCIFIXION.— Ill lllis panorama, we are brought lace to face with Hie cental lad of Hie Bible, llie MH l m l»' - 
lanl event of history. The most careful anj crilkal study lias given to us this reproduction of Hie scene of Hie Lord's Crucifixion. Tile bell scholarship nccepls llle 
knoll of rock, not far Irnm the Grotto of Jeremiah, as the actual spot of this wonderful death. This knoll Is near to the great iiorlliern road anj Is about Joo let 
distant from the north wall of the city. It is an elevation of about sixtv feet, and greatly resembles a human skull partly burled. In our Introductory view we stand 
northwest of the city walls and look out towards the Mediterranean Sea, which Is about thirty-five miles distant. On the led are the ruins of in extensive caravan- 
sary. The olive trees in tile distance seem to have a troubled look, as though even Nature were In sympathy with the agony of her Lord. 




VIEW NORTHWESTWARD FROM JERUSALEM.— We. are standing In the same position as iii the previous view. We turn our eyes northwestward and behold 
tills stretch ol country. The Damascus road, the ureal thoroughfare 10 the north, leads off to the right. On our left, in the foreground, is a typical flat-roofed 
Shepherd's cottage : the Inmates seated upon the roof are discussing the event of the hour and looking towards tile scene of blood. In the far distance is a dome- 
lopped building, the MKlent Roman Guard House, There is nothing peculiarly beautiful in the scenerv here, but the Christian holds this soil as sacred. Men of all 
sects and nationalities Head these nicks and dales with reverence. At this time. Calvary or Golgotha was the foulest spot about the great city. It was the p ace 01 
general crucifixion, the form of death most detested, as Christ died the most Ignominious of deaths, he died in the place most infamous ; yet his death has transformed 
the place Into one ol hallowed and tender thought As Napoleon said : " There are millions to-day that would die for the Son of God" who died here for man. (2) 




View nokthward from Jerusalem.— From the same standpoint we now take a nearer view of the memorable scene ol Golgotha. In llie foreground is an 

arch covering a well ■ In the distance is a large caravansary ..r inn. These buildings " ere constructed with a large inner court l«» the ace. Klallon "I entire cara- 
vans All al>..iit on lire rocks we behold lire groups .if people Intently watching tire llirec crosses. We are it once reminded of the different groups about the cross. 
John XIX ■ 25, 26 : Malt. XXVII : }6, 5;, 56. The lew friends of Jesus were looking on ; tire taunting 111ull1l1.de was reviling him Iron, (lie neighboring rocks and 
hills ■ the Roman soldiers were sitting and watching him, for whose garments Ilrey had just cast lots. We can Imagine the consternation thai spread amongst these 
watching groups when, about the sixth hour, intense darkness spread overall nature. Little thought they that the central cross he-Id Nature's 1 
Egypt witnessed this darkness and said. " Either God is suffering and tile world sympathizes with Him, or else lire world is hurrying to deslrucli 



I Jlonyslus, in 



YIBW NORTHEASTWARD FROM JERUSALEM.— From the same standpoint our eyes are now fixed upon the central scene. On the left are ihe women of Christ's 
company, while behind (hem, bearing a suit, is the beloved dtsdpk to whom Jesus from the cross commended his mother. To his left we see Joseph of Arimathea 
and Nicodemus. To the tight ol this group is the centurion j to his right Lazarus supporting his sister. At their backs we see the Ruman soldiers in the act of 
Casting lots lor Jesus* garments. A comer Ol the city w all is visible In the distance. Crucifixion is called the masterpiece of all the devices ol a cruel imagination. 
" The Spikes rankled, the WOundS Inflamed, the local Injury produced a general fever, the fever a most intolerable thirst and through all of this the sufferer could 
not mo\ e a muscle without causing himsell more acute pain. It has been observed tliat the three crosses stood for all mankind : the central cross, the redemption ot 
mankind ; the impenitent thiet's cross, the unbelieving world ; the penitent thiet's cross, the believing world. (j) 



VIEW of Jerusalem, looking EASTWARD.— Still maintaining Ihe same position, we turn our eyes upon Ihe great c lly on It appeared from tin* tragic ground of 
the Crucifixion. We obtain on excellent view of the north wall and buildings of prominence. In Die background Is the sacred Mount ol Olives, upon whose side, 
just bevfiiid tlie round watch-tower on the right, is visible the famous road thai winds towards Bethany, the road to frequently trodden by lln- Man ol Sorrows who 
now hangs upon the cross. Just a little to the left N Herod's Temple, a magnificent monument of urchltci lure and wealth, but soon to fall In Indiscriminate ruins. 

The commanding structure in Uitr middle, with prominent square towers. Is the citadel ol Antonio, It was (jere llial Pilate's judgment ball was located, and Irom Oils 
place started the strange procession that passed through Ihe Via Dolorosa to tin- scene of the Crucifixion. Little thought the proud rulers that the deeds of tills day 
were hastening the destruction and overthrow of their great city. (5) 




VIEW OF JERUSALEM, LOOKING SOUTHEASTWARD.— We tumour cyw in a southeastward direction and obtain another view of tlic city. We now -sac lower 
ground ; the depression In the city before us is the Tyropean valley. The foreground gives us an excellent conception of the camp-life of the pilgrims who journeyed 
to the snored city upon great feast occasions, like Uw present. We see the camel's hair tents and the various equipments of Oriental life. Many thousands were 
doubtless bivouacked about these waits at this festive season. On the lett is an excellent view of the celebrated Damascus cate, showing a portion of the great 
northern highway, so closely connected with many historic deeds. The people are coming in great numbers from this gateway ; every face is turned towards the 
neighboring rock. Since then the eyes ol all cities and peoples have turned away from the glory of earthly grandeur to the still greater glory of Calvary's mount. 

(6) 




VlliW OF JERUSALEM, LOOKING SOUTHWESTWARD.— We are now completing our view of the great city as ii appeared on the day of the Crucifixion. The 
most prominent structure now before us is the white marble palace ol lleiod the Great. The blood-thirsty monarch tried to atone tor his many atrocities by adorniM 
Jerusalem with beautiful buildings. He restored Solomon's Temple and co\ ered its front with gold. This palace was probably erected on the sight of Solomon's 
magnificent home and was (lie family residence o( the Herods. The tow n on the right is the town ot Phasaelus ; that on the Ictt. the town of Mariamne, the wife ot 
Herod, to whom he seemed ptallj devoted, t>ut who was afterwards a victim of his intense and ungovernable jealousy. The sate at the centre is the King's g*ie, 
leading out Into the magnificent gardens, just west ol the city walls. Such was Jerusalem w hen its people crucified the Lord ot Glory. The desolation and dluth 
that soon followed .ire matters of history familiar to all. iSj 

, ■ — „— r , — gg 



